JESUS SAID, “THOU SHALT LOVE THE LORD THY GOD WITH ALL THY HEART, AND WITH ALL THY SOUL, AND WITH ALL THY MIND.”
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PAUL ANKA
Quando criança, Paul começou a cantar, primeiramente no coral da Igreja Ortodoxa Síria Santo Elias em sua cidade natal. Como estudante da Fisher Park High Schoolde Ottawa, fez parte de um trio chamado Bobby Soxers.
Paul Anka em Gröna Lund,Estocolmo, 1959.
Com catorze anos, gravou "I Confess", encorajado pelos seus pais. Em 1957, Anka foi para Nova Iorque onde fez um teste para aABC, cantando uma canção de amor que escrevera para uma babá, Diana Ayoub. Acanção, "Diana", trouxe um estrelato instantâneo a Paul. "Diana" é uma das mais vendidas da época na história da música (no Brasil também fez sucesso a versão em português cantada por Carlos Gonzaga). Ele seguiu com quatro músicas que chegaram às top 20 de 1958, fazendo-o o maior ídolo dos adolescentes da época. Ele fêz turnês no Reino Unido e depois, com Buddy Holly, naAustrália.
Seu talento foi além, escrevendo "It Doesn’t Matter Anymore", um grande sucesso de Buddy Holly; o tema do Tonight Show de Johnny Carson (na época); o maior sucesso de Tom Jones, "She’s A Lady"; e My Way, cantado por Elvis Presley e Frank Sinatra, entre outros.
Nos anos 60, Anka começou a atuar em filmes, assim como escrevendo músicas para eles, mais notavelmente o tema deThe Longest Day. Então, ele se tornou um dos primeiros cantores de pop a se apresentar nos cassinos de Las Vegas.
Estrela de Paul Anka na Calçada da Fama do Canadá.
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FORMA VERBAL |
FORMA |
US0 |
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Infinitivo |
O infinitivo é a forma original do verbo. O infinitivo pode aparecer com ou sem to |
Usa-se o infinitivo sem to: a) Após os verbos anômalos b) Após os verbos make e let; c) Após os verbos auxiliares: do, does, did, will, would; d) Após as preposições but e except.
Usa-se o infinitivo com to: a) Após os verbos: tell, invite, teach, remind, wish, desire, want; b) Após: the first, the second, the last, the only; c) Após adjetivos no superlativo; d) Após: too, enough; e) Após alguns verbos (ver abaixo). |
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Gerúndio |
Verbo com a terminação ING. Observação: Os verbos com ING dos tempos contínuos não estão no gerúndio, mas no particípio presente. |
Usa-se o gerúndio: a) Como substantitvo funcionando como: – sujeito – objeto direto – objeto indireto (após preposições); b) Após os verbos GO e COME indicando atividade física; b) Após os verbos: ADMIT, AVOID, APPRECIATE, CONSIDER, DELAY, DETEST, DENY, DISLIKE, ENJOY, ESCAPE, EXCUSE, FINISH, KEEP, MENTION, MISS, PRACTICE, RESIST, SUGGEST, UNDERSTAND, QUIT; c) Após alguns verbos (ver lista abaixo) |
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· Verbos que podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou infinitivo com TO |
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Advise Agree Allow Attempt Begin |
Continue Forget Hate Leave like |
Love Mean Neglect Prefer permit |
Remember Stop Study try |
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Observação: He stopped to talk. (Ele parou para conversar.) He stopped talking. (Ele parou de conversar.) Verbos que podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou infinitivo sem TO (verbos de percepção) |
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FEEL |
OBSERVE |
HEAR |
SEE |
NOTICE |
WATCH |
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BLUE RINGS ENGLISH SCHOOL
(Adapted from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1992, vol. 11. p. 277.)
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Answer the following questions in Portuguese according to the text.
1. O que causou a “Quinta-feira Negra” de Wall Street?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Que medida de emergência foi adotada e qual o resultado?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Em que dia da semana a bolsa de Nova Iorque quebrou por completo?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. O que foi a Grande Depressão?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Relacione as colunas.
1. Due to ( ) utterly
2. Abruptly ( ) insilvency
3. Nearly ( ) decline
4. Trade ( ) number
5. Completely ( ) owing to
6. Slump ( ) ubexpectedly
7. A lot of ( ) many
8. Bankruptcy ( ) buy; sell; exchange
9. Rate ( ) almost
10. Collapse ( ) fall
PHRASAL VERBS
TO FEEL UP = sentir-se em condições de
I honestly don’t fell up to the task want to entrust me with.
Sinceramente, eu não me sinto em condições de assumir a tarefa que querem me confiar.
TO PULL THROUGH = conseguir superar, recuperar-se
The patient was in critical condition, but thanks to good medical care he managed to pull through
O paciente estava em estado crítico mas, graças ao bom atendimento médico, conseguiu recuperar-se.
TO GIVE IN (TO) = ceder, entregar
The heavy hailstorm caused the roof togive in and eventually it crashed down to the floor.
A forte chuva de granizo fez com que o telhado cedesse e finalmente desabasse sobre o chão.
As the treasurer of the company was under heavy pressure, he gave in his resignation.
Já que o tesoureiro da empresa estava sob grande pressão, ele entregou o cargo
TO FALL FOR = deixar-se levar (pela conversa/lábia de alguém)
How stupid of me to fall for that guy’s smooth talk!
Que burro que eu fui ao me deixar levar pela lábia daquele sujeito!
TO DOZE OFF = cochilar, pegar no sono
My grandfather often dozes off while watching TV at night.
Meu avô muitas vezes cochila enquanto assiste à TV à noite.
TO COME OFF = sair, desprender-se
The stamp came off the envelope but I glue it back on.
O selo desprendeu-se do envelope, mas eu o colei novamente.
TO COME OFF IT! = deixe de brincadeira!
Come off it! You’re not serious about marrying Sandra, are you?
Deixe de brincadeira! Você realmente não tem intenção de casar-se com a Sandra, tem?
TO PUT ON …a) = vestir, calçar
It’s fairly cold outside. Take off your light shirt and put on a heavy sweater.
Está friozinho lá fora. Tire a sua camisa leve e vista uma blusa grossa.
…b) = ganhar peso, engordar
During the Christmas and New Year’s holidays it’s difficult not to put on a kilo or two.
Durante os feriados de Natal e Ano Novo é difícil não engordar um ou dois quilos.
…c) = encenar uma peça teatral
Our drama students are going to put on a show for the kids in the orphanage.
Nossos estudantes de teatro irão encenar uma peça para as crianças do orfanato
Conversation Questions
Clothes & Fashion
A Part of Conversation Questions for the ESL Classroom.
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS – SAVANNAH BAY VIEW TOWARDS NAIL BAY
SE VOCÊ AINDA ESTÁ PENSANDO EM ALGUÉM PARA VOTAR. ENTÃO NÃO PERCA MAIS TEMPO DÊ SEU APOIO PRECIOSO A
ESSE HOMEM DE DEUS. LEMBRE-SE ELE ESTARÁ LUTANDO POR VOCÊ.
History
Origins
At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London; it originally was a Philological Society project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an "Unregistered Words Committee" to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench’s report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries:
The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title "A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles" (NED).
Early editors
Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project’s first months, but his ecclesiastical career meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time required, easily ten year; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor.
Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910
On 12 May 1860, Coleridge’s dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis.
Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced.
Recruited assistants handled two tons of quotation slips and other materials. Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English Text Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years.
In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year.[8] The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete.
Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about "what to read and select" and "what to discard."
Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W. C. Minor was a criminal lunatic. Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U.S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchester‘s The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary[10] (U.S. title – elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors’ requests.
Oxford editors
James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury Road
During the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years’ negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years.
Murray started the project, working in a corrugated iron outbuilding, the "Scriptorium", which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall’s collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse.[citation needed] Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report "as many quotations as you can for ordinary words" and for words that were "rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way.” Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis March manage the collection in North America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000.
The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-twenty-three years after Coleridge’s sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s.6d or U.S.$3.25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies.
The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he moves from Mill Hill to Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property.
The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
Murray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. That turned out not to be so, and Philip
Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray’s assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University.
Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speedy production—to the point where the project’s collapse seemed likely. Newspapers reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors. Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range;he parodied the principal editors as "The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford" in the story Farmer Giles of Ham. Julian Barnes also was an employee; he was said to dislike the work.]
Fascicles
By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published or about one per year: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 64 pages, priced at 2s.6d. or $1 U.S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles.
Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately.
The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the most-quoted single work is Cursor Mundi.
Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement
Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933.
Second Supplement and Second Edition
In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated.
There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retype set, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement.
Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement; Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H,O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.
By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching — as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors.
1. Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXX
And so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking up the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software was also needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying "I’ve never been associated with a project, I’ve never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline."[13]
By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield’s supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word "new" was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition retronymically became the OED1.
The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B.B.C., Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise,Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave.
Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retype setting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated.
The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982.
When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author Anthony Burgess declared it "the greatest publishing event of the century," as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 March 1989).TIME dubbed the book "a scholarly Everest," and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it "one of the wonders of the world."
New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles.
Compact editions
In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up ("4-up") format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the second volume’s end.
The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up ("9-up") format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a magnifying glass as before and A User’s Guide to the "Oxford English Dictionary", by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition.
Electronic versions
A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software.
Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition was made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product. Version 3.0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version. Version 3.1.1 (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs Version 4.0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10.4 or later).This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive.
On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED.
As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is £195 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization’s computers. Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in England, Wales, and New Zealand; any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home.
Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29.95 a month to access the online site.
Third Edition
The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million. The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. As of 2007, the estimated date of completion is 2037. New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition.
As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A. Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by 10 June 2010, the revised section had reached rococoesque. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating "key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them."
The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named "Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application", or "Pasadena." With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts.
Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public.
Word hunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED’s small army of devoted readers continues to contribute quotations; the department currently receives about 200,000 a year.
O Monge e o Executivo – James Hunter
Não apenas se manteve como um campeão de vendas, tornou-se um dos maiores fenômenos editoriais de todos os tempos no país. Está na lista de Época dos dez livros mais vendidos na área de auto ajuda.
Sinopse:
Leonard Hoffman, um famoso empresário que abandonou sua brilhante carreira para se tornar monge em um mosteiro beneditino, é o personagem central desta envolvente história criada por James C. Hunter para ensinar de forma clara e agradável os princípios fundamentais dos verdadeiros líderes.
O Monge e o Executivo
As lições da espiritualidade para o mundo do trabalho
Por João Luís de Almeida Machado
Doutor em Educação pela PUC-SP; Mestre em Educação, Arte e História da Cultura pela Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (SP); Professor Universitário e Pesquisador
Desiludida e cansada a professora foi aos poucos desistindo de opinar e sugerir idéias na escola em que trabalha. Acomodou-se a rotina do dia a dia e resolveu agir da forma como tantos outros profissionais da área, passou simplesmente a dar suas aulas e esperar o tempo passar para que pudesse se aposentar. Inclemente como realmente é, o relógio não parou de dar suas voltas e os cabelos brancos e as rugas foram surgindo no rosto daquela mulher. Algumas boas histórias e lembranças ficaram da época em que foi professora e ia diariamente encontrar seus alunos, mas o que realmente ela legou a educação? O que ficou para cada um de seus alunos além dos conteúdos que ensinava?
O que levou a professora a adotar essa postura defensiva e retraída quanto à proposição de novas idéias e opiniões? Se pudéssemos perguntar a ela teríamos com certeza uma resposta muito clara quanto a isso: faltou estímulo por parte da direção, houve resistências às mudanças pelo corpo docente e, principalmente, as pessoas não pareciam dispostas a escutá-la.
Se pensarmos nisso teremos um breve resumo dos tópicos abordados no livro “O Monge e o Executivo”. O próprio título do livro nos desafia a uma breve reflexão. Há um evidente contraponto entre os personagens centrais. Temos por um lado o executivo e toda a sua necessidade de respostas certas e praticamente imediatas para que seus negócios sejam bem-sucedidos. Pensam muitos desses profissionais que é necessário passar para as outras pessoas toda a autoridade do cargo a partir de atitudes (muitas vezes arrogantes e autoritárias) e ações (que depreendam inteligência e velocidade de raciocínio).
Executivos têm que se vestir dentro de uma elegância sóbria porém ostentatória. Ternos bem cortados, de grifes conhecidas, gravatas importadas, sapatos de couro engraxados com esmero devem ser acompanhados por anéis, correntes, relógios, agendas eletrônicas, computadores de bolso e celulares de última geração.
Os monges, por sua vez, vivem de forma espartana e simples. Acordam cedo para meditar, rezar e refletir. Estão sempre em contato com a natureza e se dispõem a auxiliar nos trabalhos mais simples. Não vivem dentro de uma lógica materialista e, tampouco se sentem compelidos a rapidez que os tempos modernos parecem exigir de todos.
Tem como prática regular os estudos e o pensamento aprofundado e reflexivo. Acreditam que devem se dispor a ajudar sempre que possível os outros e, em muitos casos, disponibilizam tempo e recursos para que essas ações se concretizem. Pensam que para auxiliar é preciso antes de tudo conhecer e, para que tal intento se realize, aprenderam a ouvir atentamente o que os outros tem a lhes dizer.
Talvez “servir” seja a palavra-chave para melhor compreender as diferenças entre o monge e o executivo. Para os religiosos as relações humanas e o sucesso de seus empreendimentos em qualquer área passam necessariamente por uma atitude relacionada ao servir aplicada a todas as pessoas envolvidas numa comunidade ou trabalho.
Os gerentes e administradores em geral pensam que cabe aos outros o servir e a si mesmos a responsabilidade de comandar, liderar. Por esse motivo acabam, muitas vezes, se fechando as opiniões e idéias que vem de seus funcionários ou colaboradores por imaginarem que eles não têm preparo ou conhecimento para oferecer boas sugestões e projetos.
Fica um pouco mais fácil perceber então um dos motivos que levaram a professora a desanimar quanto à proposição de novas idéias, não fica? Há muitas escolas onde a direção se fecha tanto ao advento de projetos e planos que possam alterar o cotidiano que se repete, com certeza, o problema que se verifica em indústrias, prestadores de serviços, estabelecimentos comerciais ou empresas públicas.
Mas, não é sempre necessária uma liderança para empreender? A resposta para essa pergunta é muito evidente, claro que sim. Isso não quer dizer, no entanto, que essa liderança tenha que ser prepotente, arrogante e nem um pouco democrática. Os verdadeiros líderes não são aqueles que impõem uma idéia ou proposta, mas sim os que convencem os demais e os motivam a participar com vontade, disposição e garra desse empreendimento ao deixarem claro que o objetivo final desse trabalho é o bem comum.
Em “O Monge e o Executivo” aprendemos que esse conceito é tão antigo quanto à própria humanidade e que, efetivamente, suas definições se tornaram mais claras a partir da ação de Jesus Cristo. Seus pronunciamentos em favor do “amor ao próximo” são bem explicados no livro e superam o conhecimento de senso comum que se aplica a tão importante e fundamental princípio.
Exemplos como o de Martin Luther King e Mahatma Gandhi também são lembrados para demonstrar que, historicamente, grandes sucessos foram atingidos a partir de lideranças maduras, conscientes, sensíveis e que se prestavam a trabalhar em conjunto, ouvindo os demais participantes e servindo as causas e aos envolvidos.
O que foi conseguido na política ou na luta pelos direitos civis em âmbito nacional ou global também pode resultar em conquistas numa esfera local ou institucional. Para que isso aconteça é necessário que se superem paradigmas ou estigmas (como gostaria de caracterizá-los). Novas práticas e idéias confrontam hábitos há muito estabelecidos e, nesse caso, é importantíssimo que os empreendedores tenham muita disposição e coragem, pois os obstáculos com certeza surgirão.
Na maior parte dos casos as mudanças representam verdadeiras viradas de mesa e, por isso mesmo, causam reações de desconfiança e incerteza, principalmente entre aqueles que são mais devotados às antigas idéias e práticas.
A disposição para as mudanças passa, então, necessariamente, pela capacidade dos líderes demonstrarem com paixão e sentimento toda o seu interesse pelo projeto. A palavra mais correta para esclarecer essa relação apresentada no livro é amor. Amplia-se o termo, no entanto, para uma compreensão do mesmo não apenas como sentimento, mas sim como elemento de prática e ação.
Amar o projeto e aos participantes significa ser tolerante e coerente, ter capacidade de ouvir e de se dirigir aos outros de forma firme porém respeitosa e, principalmente, pensar e agir sem precipitações e com planejamentos bem definidos.
Há muitas outras lições nas páginas de “O Monge e o Executivo” que se aplicam à vida e ao trabalho de educadores e demais profissionais. É, inclusive, valioso para que ainda está estudando e busca uma formação que lhe possibilite uma boa colocação no mercado. Em uma de suas passagens, o autor James C. Hunter destaca o espírito do livro a partir de um ditado de índios americanos que ajudaria, com certeza, a professora do início do texto a entender um pouco da relação que devemos ter com o mundo no qual vivemos: “Quando você nasceu, você chorou e o mundo se regozijou. Viva sua vida de tal maneira que, quando você morrer, o mundo chore e você se regozije”.
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